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Present study estimates household poverty among socioreligious groups in Kerala. Study also measures of determinants of household poverty and compare 61st (2004-05) and 68th (2011-12) NSSO rounds of Household Monthly Percapita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) data surveyed by National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO). Methodology of the research work is primarily uses of state specific poverty line for rural and urban sector separately which is defined by Tendulkar Methodology. The study found higher the incidence of household poverty is 19.71 percent in 61st (2004-05) round & 08.08 percent in 68th (2011-12) round in the state. Meanwhile, among the socio-religious groups where larger the household poverty decline by 14.95% in Scheduled Tribes, 14.96% in Scheduled Caste, 14.12% in OBC & 04.35% and 18.99% in Muslims & 10.59% in Hindu communities for both rural and urban sector during the study period.

Keywords: Poverty, Measurement, Determinants, Socio-Religious Groups

JEL Classification: ‘I31’, ‘I32’, ‘I39’

This paper exploring the growth performance of agriculture in Bhopal district of Madhya Parades State. This is founded that in Bhopal district irrigated area increased by 16 percent between the years 2000-01 to 2017-18. Due to which cropping intensity in the district has increased to 192.4 percent (meaning two crops are grown in the district every year). The main crops grown in the district are wheat and soybean. The area under wheat crop increased by 2.21 per cent and soybean crop by 1.28 per cent during 2000-01 to 2017-18. During this time soyabean production increased by 0.24 per cent and wheat by 7.16 per cent. The reason for the increase in area under these crops is the availability of support price, reduced risk of yield.

Keywords: Key works: Agriculture, Growth, Trends, Bhopal district.

The transformation of primitive modes of production to the new technology of agricultural production is good, but the small farmers could not come up with the money for farm investment from their own savings to change conventional agriculture to scientific farming. To do so farmers had borrowed money from various institutional and non-institutional agencies. Marginal farm (MaFs), small farm (SFs), medium farm (MeFs), large farm (LFs) and ‘Other’ households in all the three regions and artisan households (ARTs) of Majha and Doaba have borrowed maximum amount of their debt from the commercial banks and primary agricultural co-operative bank/cooperative societies. Agricultural labour households (ALs), nonagricultural labour households (NALs) of all the three regions and ARTs of Malwa have taken a major part of their debt from large farmers, private finance companies and traders. The major share of debt goes for domestic needs. Second purpose, where a sizable proportion of debt has been spent, is purchase of farm inputs, machinery and implements.

Keywords: Regions, Rural households, Indebtedness, Institutional and non-institutional source

Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) is a flagship scheme of Government of India to ”fund the unfunded” by bringing such enterprises to the formal financial system and extending affordable credit to them. It enables a small borrower to borrow from all Public Sector Banks such as PSU Banks, Regional Rural Banks and Cooperative Banks, Private Sector Banks, Foreign Banks, Micro Finance Institutions (MFI) and Non Banking Finance Companies (NBFC) for loans upto Rs 10 lakhs for non-farm income generating activities. The scheme was launched on 8th April, 2015 by the Hon’ble Prime Minister. In India many things revolve around mere perceptions, while getting into detail it often paint a different picture. It is a common misperception people have that large industries create more employment, though the truth is that “in India only 1.25 crore people find employment in large industries, whereas small enterprises employed 12 crore people”. In India, small businesses play an important role by providing employment to a large number of people. It is the second largest sector engaging uneducated and unskilled people after agriculture. Further, millions of low income earning group person aspire to set up small businesses but are unable to start, mostly due to credit limitations. Since banks do not find them eligible for credit loan. After identifying the importance of self employment people and small business units, government of India launched MUDRA Yojana to address the financial and other constraints. This paper is an attempt to know about the MUDRA Yojana and its key objectives. The paper highlights the role and importance of MUDRA bank towards small business units, it also review the Mudra yojna for the year of 2015-2019 in terms of many aspects.

Keywords: Mudra yojna, Performance of Mudra yojna, category wise Mudra performance.

This study explores the relationship between government expenditure on the agricultural sector and economic growth in Bihar over the period 1980-2017. In estimating the long run model, first, the time series characteristic of the data is tested using ADF and the Phillips Perron tests. Then, the Johansen co- integration test was conducted. Both The long-run and short-run estimate result shows that government spending on the agricultural sector has an insignificant effect on the per capita real GDP. The study also revealed that gross fixed capital formation has a positive and significant impact on real per capita GDP. The labor force which is proxies by population aged 15 and 59 has insignificant effect on the growth of per capita real GDP both in the long-run and short-run periods. The policy implications emanates from this study is government should reduce unproductive government consumption spending and give priory attention to redirecting to productive activities.

Keywords: Co- integration, Augmented Dickey Fuller, Phillips Perron, Error Correction Model

Present study estimates household poverty of state wise and among socio-religious groups of Six NSS regions in India and compare 61st (2004-05) and 68th (2011-12) NSSO rounds of Household Monthly Percapita Consumption Expenditure (MPCE) data surveyed by National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO). Methodology of the research work is primarily uses of state wise specific poverty line for rural and urban separately which is defined by Tendulkar Methodology. The study found higher the incidence of household poverty is 38.27 percent in 61st (2004-05) round & 22.75 percent in 68th (2011-12) round in the country. Among the regions higher the household poverty found in eastern, north eastern & central regions states. Meanwhile, across the socio-religious groups were larger the household poverty found in Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Caste which is higher than OBC and Others and also Muslim households are comparatively poorer than Hindus.

Keywords: Poverty, Measurement, Socio-Religious Groups.

JEL Classification: ‘I31’, ‘I32’, ‘I39’